TENSES

1. SIMPLE PRESENT TENSES

The SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE uses the verb's base form (write, work), or, for third-person singular subjects, the base form plus an -s ending (he writes, she works).

The SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE indicates that an action is present, now, relative to the speaker or writer. Generally, it is used to describe actions that are factual or habitual -- things that occur in the present but that are not necessarily happening right now: "It rains a lot in Portland" is a kind of timeless statement. Compare that to the present progressive -- "It is raining in Portland" -- which means that something is, in fact, going on right now. "I use my bike to get around town." is in the present, but I'm not actually on my bike right now. An instantaneous sense of the present can be conveyed with either the simple present or the progressive: "Watch him now: he holds [is holding] down the control key at the same time that he presses [is pressing] the letter d."

all the time always every class every day every holiday every hour

every month every semester every week every year most of the time never

often rarely sometimes usually

Singular	Plural
I walk	we walk
you walk	you walk
he/she/it walks	they walk

Singular	Plural
I sleep	we sleep
you sleep	you sleep
he/she/it sleeps	they sleep

Singular	Plural
I am	we are
you are	you are
he/she/it is	they are

Example :

· - I walk to work every day.

· - The Chicago Bulls sometimes practice in this gymnasium.

· - Dr. Espinoza operates according to her own schedule.

2. PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening at the time of speaking.

Example :Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.

We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at the time of speaking.

Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.

We often use the Present Continuous when we talk about a period around the present.

Example :You’re working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do

We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation.

Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast.

1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED

The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW, TOMORROW,ETC

1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :

1.3.A. Positive Pattern

S + am/is/are + Verb 4…………………………………………….Now

S + sedang + 4…………………………………….........................sekarang

Examples :

1. I am studying English now.

2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan)

3. You are singing now.

4. He is making a cake now.

5. she is sewing a shirt now.

6. They are playing football in the field now.

7. Tom and Ani are doing their homework tomorrow.

8. The students are doing sport now.

1.3.b The Negative Pattern

S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4…………………………………… Now
S + tidak sedang + 4…………………………………….sekarang
Example :
1. I am not studying now
2. He is not sleeping now
3. My father is not watching television now.
4. we aren’t going to Jakarta Tomorrow.

1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern

Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………………..Now?
Apakah + S + sedang + 4…………………………sekarang ?
Examples :
1. Are you studying English now ? Yes, I am/ No, I am not
2. Is he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isn’t
3. Is your father working in the office now? Yes, He is/No, He isn’t

1.3.d. Qusetion-word Pattern

QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………...Now?
QW + yang + S + 4……………………………………..sekarang?
Examples :
1. what are you doing now ? studying
2. Where is he studying English now ? at school

3. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

We often use the present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce recent happening:

e.g. Do you know about Mary ? She’s gone to Jakarta.

We can use the Present Perfect Tense withalready to say that something has happened sooner than expected :

e.g. Don’t forget to post this letter, will you? I’vealready posted it.

We can use the Present Perfect Tense withjust (= a short time ago)

e.g. Would you like something to eat? ‘No, thanks. I’vejust had lunch’.

We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the present perfect.

e.g. Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Nora?

Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different countries.

We often useever andnever with the present perfect:

e.g. have youeve r eaten caviar?

We havenever had a car.

We have to use present perfect Tense with This is the first time…, It the first time…

e.g. This is the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)

We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting

something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g. Has it

stopped raining yet ? (not ‘did it stop’).

The pattern:

S + have/has + verb 3……………………….etc

S + haven’t/hasn’t + Verb 3…………….….etc

Have/has + S + verb 3………………….. ….etc?

QW + have/has + S + verb 3………………..etc?

4. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc

S + haven’t/hasn’t + been + verb 4……etc

Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ?

QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?

Example :

- Pelajar pelajartengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini

+ The students have been singing since this morning

- The students haven’t been singing since this morning

? Have the students been singing since this morning ?

5. FUTURE TENSE

The FUTURE TENSE indicates that an action is in the future relative to the speaker or writer. There are no inflected forms for the future in English (nothing like those -ed or -s endings in the other tenses). Instead, the future tense employs the helping verbs will or shall with the base form of the verb:

• She will leave soon.
• We shall overcome.

The future is also formed with the use of a form of "go" plus the infinitive of the verb:

• He is going to faint.

English can even use the present to suggest the future tense:

• I am leaving later today."
  

Note that the auxiliary will can be combined with "be" and a progressive form of the main verb to create a sense of the future that does not harbor any hint of insistence (which is possible with the auxiliary alone). For instance, if stress is placed on the word will in "When will you arrive?", the sentence can sound impatient, insistent. In "When will you be arriving?" there is less of that emotional overtone.

The construction form of to be + infinitive is used to convey a sense of planning for the future, command, or contingency.

• There is to be an investigation into the mayor's business affairs.
• You are to be back on the base by midnight.
• If he is to pass this exam, he'll have to study harder.
  

To create a sense of imminent fulfillment, the word about can be combined with the infinitive.

• He is about to die.

Other adverbs can be used in similar constructions with various effects:

• He is liable to get in trouble.
• She is certain to do well in college.

Singular	Plural
I will walk	we will walk
you will walk	you will walk
he/she/it will walk	they will walk

Singular	Plural
I will sleep	we will sleep
you will sleep	you will sleep
he/she/it will sleep	they will sleep

Singular	Plural
I will be	we will be
you will be	you will be
he/she/it will be	they will be

Example :

· We shall overcome.

· We are going to win this race.

6. SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The SIMPLE PAST TENSE indicates that an action is in the past relative to the speaker or writer.

Ø when the time period has finished: "We went to Chicago last Christmas."

Ø when the time period is definite: "We visited Mom last week."

Ø with for, when the action is finished: "I worked with the FBI for two months."

Regular verbs use the verb's base form (scream, work) plus the -ed ending (screamed, worked). Irregular verbs alter their form in some other way (slept, drank, drove).

Singular	Plural
I walked	we walked
you walked	you walked
he/she/it walked	they walked

Singular	Plural
I slept	we slept
you slept	you slept
he/she/it slept	they slept

Singular	Plural
I was	we were
you were	you were
he/she/it was	they were

Example :

· When I was a girl, I walked five miles to school every day.

· Carmelita slept through the entire class.

7. PERFECT PRESENT TENSES

The PRESENT PERFECT TENSE is formed with a present tense form of "to have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form). This tense indicates either that an action was completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past or that the action extends to the present:

Ø I have walked two miles already [but I'm still walking].

Ø I have run the Boston Marathon [but that was some time ago].

Ø The critics have praised the film Saving Private Ryan since it came out [and they continue to do so].

The choice between Present Perfect and Simple Past is often determined by the adverbial accompanying the verb. With adverbs referring to a period gone by, we would use the simple past:

I studied all night/yesterday/on Wednesday.

With adverbs beginning in the past and going up to present, we would use the present perfect:

I have studied up to now/lately/already.

An adverbial time-marker such as "today, this month," or "for an hour" can take either the simple past or present perfect:

I worked/have worked hard today.

We tend to use the Present Perfect when reporting or announcing an event of the recent past:

The company's current CEO has lied repeatedly to her employees.

But we tend to use the Simple Past when reporting or announcing events of the finished, more distant past:

Washington encouraged his troops. Because the time limits for Present Perfect are relatively elastic (stretching up to the present), it is somewhat less definite than the Simple Past:

Brett has worked with some of the best chefs of Europe [in the course of his long and continuing career].

Brett worked with Chef Pierre LeGout [when he lived in Paris].

Singular	Plural
I have walked	we have walked
you have walked	you have walked
he/she/it has walked	they have walked

Singular	Plural
I have slept	we have slept
you have slept	you have slept
he/she/it has slept	they have slept

Singular	Plural
I have been	we have been
you have been	you have been
he/she/it has been	they have been

Example :

· - Vaughan has batted clean-up since he came to the Redsox.

· - She has swum the English Channel every summer.

8. FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

The FUTURE PERFECT TENSE indicates that an action will have been completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the future. This tense is formed with "will" plus "have" plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form): "I will have spent all my money by this time next year. I will have run successfully in three marathons if I can finish this one."

Singular	Plural
I will have walked	we will have walked
you will have walked	you will have walked
he/she/it will have walked	they will have walked

Singular	Plural
I will have slept	we will have slept
you will have slept	you will have slept
he/she/it will have slept	they will have slept

Singular	Plural
I will have been	we will have been
you will have been	you will have been
he/she/it will have been	they will have been

Example :

Ø Before he sees his publisher, Charles will have finished four chapters in his new novel.

9. PAST PERFECT TENSE

The PAST PERFECT TENSE indicates that an action was completed (finished or "perfected") at some point in the past before something else happened. This tense is formed with the past tense form of "to have" (HAD) plus the past participle of the verb (which can be either regular or irregular in form):

I had walked two miles by lunchtime.

I had run three other marathons before entering the Boston Marathon .

Singular	Plural
I had walked	we had walked
you had walked	you had walked
he/she/it had walked	they had walked

Singular	Plural
I had slept	we had slept
you had slept	you had slept
he/she/it had slept	they had slept

Singular	Plural
I had been	we had been
you had been	you had been
he/she/it had been	they had been

Example :

Ø Aunt Glad had invested heavily in the air-conditioning industry before the Great Crash of 1988.

10. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2

S + hadn’t been + Verb 4……… when S + V2

Had + S + been + verb 4………… when S + V2 ?

QW + had + S + been + verb 4……… when S + V2 ?

Example :

- Merekatengah mengerjakan PR ketika saya datang kemarin

+ They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday

- They hadn’t been doing the homework when I came yesterday

? Had they been doing the homework when I came yesterday ?

11. PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSES

The PRESENT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates continuing action, something going on now. This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the present tense, plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "I am buying all my family's Christmas gifts early this year. She is working through the holiday break. Dierdre is being a really good girl in these days before Christmas".

The present progressive can suggest that an action is going to happen in the future, especially with verbs that convey the idea of a plan or of movement from one place or condition to another: "The team is arriving in two hours. He's moving to Portland this summer." Because the present progressive can suggest either the present or the future, it is usually modified by adverbs of time.

Singular	Plural
I am walking	we are walking
you are walking	you are walking
he/she/it is walking	they are walking

Singular	Plural
I am sleeping	we are sleeping
you are sleeping	you are sleeping
he/she/it is sleeping	they are sleeping

Singular	Plural
I am being	we are being
you are being	you are being
he/she/it is being	they are being

Example :

· Raoul is acting like his father.

12. PAST PROGRESIVE TENSES

The PAST PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates continuing action, something that was happening, going on, at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the helping "to be" verb, in the past tense, plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending):

• I was riding my bike all day yesterday.
• Joel was being a terrible role model for his younger brother.

The past progressive indicates a limited duration of time and is thus a convenient way to indicate that something took place (in the simple past) while something else was happening:

• Carlos lost his watch while he was running.

The past progressive can express incomplete action.

• I was sleeping on the couch when Bertie smashed through the door.

(as opposed to the simple past, which suggests a completed action:

• I slept on the couch last night.

The past progressive is also used to poke fun at or criticize an action that is sporadic but habitual in nature:

• Tashonda was always handing in late papers.
• My father was always lecturing my brother.

Singular	Plural
I was walking	we were walking
you were walking	you were walking
he/she/it was walking	they were walking

Singular	Plural
I was sleeping	we were sleeping
you were sleeping	you were sleeping
he/she/it was sleeping	they were sleeping

Singular	Plural
I was being	we were being
you were being	you were being
he/she/it was being	they were being

Example :

· During the mid-50s, real estate speculators were buying all the swampland in Central Florida, and innocent people were investing all their money in bogus development projects.

13. FUTURE PROGRESIVE TENSES

The FUTURE PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates continuing action, something that will be happening, going on, at some point in the future. This tense is formed with the modal "will" plus "be," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "I will be running in next year's Boston Marathon. Our campaign plans suggest that the President will be winning the southern vote by November. "

Singular	Plural
I will be walking	we will be walking
you will be walking	you will be walking
he/she/it will be walking	they will be walking

Singular	Plural
I will be sleeping	we will be sleeping
you will be sleeping	you will be sleeping
he/she/it will be sleeping	they will be sleeping

Singular	Plural
There is no future progressive for the "to be" verb. "Will be being" is expressed simply as "will be": "We will be being happy."

Example :

· Next fall, we will be enjoying all the vegetables we planted last spring.

14. PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

The PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates a continuous action that has been finished at some point in the past or that was initiated in the past and continues to happen. The action is usually of limited duration and has some current relevance: "She has been running and her heart is still beating fast." The present perfect progressive frequently is used to describe an event of the recent past; it is often accompanied by just in this usage: "It has just been raining."

This tense is formed with the modal "HAVE" or "HAS" (for third-person singular subjects) plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "I have been working in the garden all morning. George has been painting that house for as long as I can remember."

Singular	Plural
I have been walking	we have been walking
you have been walking	you have been walking
he/she/it has been walking	they have been walking

Singular	Plural
I have been sleeping	we have been sleeping
you have been sleeping	you have been sleeping
he/she/it has been sleeping	they have been sleeping

Singular	Plural
There is no present perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Have been being" is expressed simply as "have been": "We have been being successful in the past."

Example :

· The Redsox have been losing games since the All-Star break [and they continue to do so].

15. PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

The PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates a continuous action that was completed at some point in the past. This tense is formed with the modal "HAD" plus "BEEN," plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "I had been working in the garden all morning. George had been painting his house for weeks, but he finally gave up."

Singular	Plural
I had been walking	we had been walking
you had been walking	you had been walking
he/she/it had been walking	they had been walking

Singular	Plural
I had been sleeping	we had been sleeping
you had been sleeping	you had been sleeping
he/she/it had been sleeping	they had been sleeping

Singular	Plural
There is no past perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Had been being" is expressed simply as "had been": "We had been being successful before, but we somehow lost our knack."

Example :

· Had they been cheating on the exams before the school put monitors in the classroom?

16. FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE

The FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates a continuous action that will be completed at some point in the future. This tense is formed with the modal "WILL" plus the modal "HAVE" plus "BEEN" plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "Next Thursday, I will have been working on this project for three years."

Singular	Plural
I will have been walking	we will have been walking
you will have been walking	you will have been walking
he/she/it will have been walking	they will have been walking

Singular	Plural
I will have been sleeping	we will have been sleeping
you will have been sleeping	you will have been sleeping
he/she/it will have been sleeping	they will have been sleeping

Singular	Plural
There is no future perfect progressive for the "to be" verb. "Will have been being" is expressed simply as "will have been": "By this time next year we will have been being on this committee for a decade."

Example :

· Will they have been testing these materials in the lab before we even get there?